Friday, June 18, 2010

QUICK TIPS FOR PREGNANT

Quick Tips For Pregnant

Pregnancy and get descent is a great hope as a partner suamiisteri, especially for those who just got married. The presence of fruit in the hearts of family life add to the atmosphere complete. The moment when the pregnancy test showed positive results, is a highly awaited moment by the couple for those who crave the presence of family generations.

But sometimes, hope will get a pregnancy and the offspring started to disappear when the pregnancy was the long-awaited yet to come as well. Stress and hopelessness upon many couples who have long waited for. Sometimes these conditions create a lot of families became strained and eventually divorce because of this case. Actually, many cases which cause difficulties of a husband and wife to have a child, at the onset of the disease, hormonal disorders, disorders of the reproductive system and various other things of course this should be done further investigation and treatment to overcome it. But sometimes also a husband and wife is difficult to quickly get pregnant due to lack of basic knowledge about pregnancy, so that in later pregnancies is yet to come as well.

Here are some tips that can be performed for the couple husband and wife in order to quickly get a pregnancy:
Check with your Health Conditions

The first thing to do is to conduct a medical examination that includes your own body's health, on your reproductive system, fertility rates and other matters to a professional. Check with this case both husband and wife. This is of capital importance for the occurrence of pregnancy and to be known by the husband-wife, because if there is constraint on these things, of course, needed further care and treatment and not just tips. If after your condition checked and declared healthy and your spouse, then the next tips might be useful and you can do.
The occurrence of Basic Knowledge Know About Pregnancy

It is also important to know the couples that can be used as an illustration to get pregnant. Knowing how much the number of normal sperm, the condition of the cervix during the fertile time, how long the sperm reaches the egg and so on. Details about the process of pregnancy, can be read through the articles below:

The occurrence of Pregnancy
Applying Pattern Healthy Living

Another thing that is no less important is to adopt a healthy lifestyle. Here's what you should consider:

If by chance you or your husband's a smoker, should stop smoking. drinking habits as well as alkhohol.

drinking alcohol reduces the slightest chance of pregnancy up to 50%

Ensure Your Weight Not Less / No More (ideal) because the weight is less / more than could complicate conception, also becomes a problem when you are pregnant. Whereas for men, lack of weight can reduce sperm formation.

Sports diligent, thus the condition of your body is always fit and in the process of fertilization would be greater there.

Balanced Nutritious Diet in nutrient packed foods needed to obtain a healthy pregnancy later.
Know Your Fertile Period

Fertile period was marked by a significant increase in luteinizing hormone just before ovulation (release of eggs from the ovaries). LH increase will push out the egg from the ovary into the fallopian tubes. In the fallopian tubes can occur fertilization by sperm. This period is called the fertile period, when the egg is there and ready to be fertilized. Ovum in the fallopian tube for about 3-4 days but only until the age of two days of the best to be fertilized, after it was dead.

To know how to calculate your fertile period, please complete our articles:

Calculating the Fertile Period
Learn and Avoid Problems Fertility (Infertility)

Fertility problems caused by disturbance of the reproductive system in women and the decreasing quality and quantity of sperm in men. A study shows that fertility problems occurred in 40% due to the women, 40% due to the male and 30% due to both.

Selengkapanya on this subject:

Article: Causes of fertility problems

Video: Women's fertility problems
Use the Associated Board of The Right Position

Many fertility experts who argue that the position of men over the body when exposed to give the best chance for pregnancy. To be effective, she can prop her hips with a pillow so her cervix could accommodate a lot of sperm. Try after ejaculation occurs between partners, for 10-20 minutes so that women remain in a lying position. Do not move it from the attitude of this lie because the minute this time the liquid cement will melt, and if the woman got up liquid cement will flow back into the vagina and create an acid environment weakened and dead sperm. This is also an order for a woman's fertility can be maintained adequately.
Relax At present atmosphere Connected

This husband and wife and related activities should be done in a relaxed and romantic. When fertile period arrived and planned to have sex, and prepare a reasonable time. If the completed activities of a work, rest beforehand to give the body a refreshing time. Bathing can be a way to make the body become refreshed. Keep your mood and relax, do not be too stressful in sexual relationships, for example, think about whether the "activities" this time will produce a pregnancy.
Vitamin Drink

To quickly get pregnant, the consumption of foods containing vitamins and substances needed for fertility is very important for you and your partner. Vitamin C, one of them, can improve sperm quality. Consume 1000 mg and 10 mcg of vitamin D or vitamin E can increase the fertility of men and women. And women who consume folic acid pregnant have a better chance than those who did not consume them. Folic acid also plays an important role in the formation of the fetal brain tube later.
Pray To The Almighty

Human beings are only able to plan and attempt, while surely God determines everything. Therefore equip your business with a prayer to Him, so blessed with the gift of pregnancy as soon as possible. Prayer is so strong, capable of realizing the impossible becomes possible. So, pray!

MATERNAL AND FETAL HEALTH

maternal and fetal health


Matters Requiring Attention in Early Pregnancy:

Eat 1-2 dishes more nutritious foods in a day-especially if you're skinny, eat more vegetables and fruit, side dishes - red meat, chicken, eggs, fish, peas and beans every day.

Check regularly to pregnancy midwife or other health care workers.

Drinking from the midwife iron supplements every day to prevent bleeding during childbirth.

Receive an injection of TT 2 times during pregnancy

Using iodized salt in food every day for fetal health.

Keep doing everyday activities and exercise regularly, but take care not too tired.



The things that must be avoided For Fetal Health

Working too hard and not getting enough rest.

Indiscriminate medicine unless a doctor's prescription.

Abdominal massage.

Being around children with measles or German measles.

Smoke

Drinking alcoholic beverages

Working with and inhaling pesticides, herbicides or other chemicals.

Eating too little with monotonous menus, no food should be avoided throughout pregnancy.



First Aid Instructions To overcome the problem Lightweight During Pregnancy

Nausea or vomiting, try eating small portions but regularly although no appetite. If it still continues, the midwife may be able to give medication.

Burned-heat or in the stomach or chest cavity (stomach acid, and breathing difficulty) - Eating foods in small portions until they run out and drink lots air.Bidan might give the drug.

Rest swollen legs with her feet up for a couple of times a day. Eat regularly and less salty foods such as instant noodles tiggi. If the foot is very swollen, followed by swelling of the hands and face, immediately go for treatment.

Back Pain: It could be overcome through sports and the attitude of sitting and standing upright.

Too skinny, pale, and weak: Eat more along with side dishes such as peas, beans, chicken, milk, eggs, red meat, fish and dark green vegetables. Drinking iron capsules daily.

Constipation: Drink plenty of water, approximately 6-8 cups a day. Eat plenty of fruits, vegetables, and sweet. Many sports



Early Pregnancy danger signs

Bleeding: Lie still and call officers kesehatan.Jika bleeding occurred in the late-pregnancy after six months, immediately went to the Hospital

Acute Anemia: Feeling increasingly weak, tired quickly, and looked pale; should ask iron capsules to the health worker. Better to give birth in hospitals because of the high risk of bleeding.

Swollen feet in the last three months of pregnancy with symptoms of swollen hands, face, dizziness prolonged, or pengelihatannya be disturbed; can become serious problems-could be affected by toxemia or poisoning kehamilan.Segera went to health officials. If indeed suffer pregnancy toxemia, it is important to:

complete bed rest

Eat a healthy diet

If there is no change in symptoms, is still experiencing vision problems, swollen face and foaming at the mouth (symptoms of epilepsy), immediately went to the hospital, or they could die.

HEMODIALISA

HEMODIALISA
Hemodialisa adalah suatu teknologi tinggi sebagai terapi pengganti fungsi ginjal untuk mengeluarkan
sisa-sisa metabolisme atau racun tertentu dari peredaran darah manusia seperti air, natrium, kalium,
hydrogen, urea, kreatinin, asam urat, dan zat-zat lain melalui membran semi permeable sebagai pemisah
darah dan cairan dialisat pada ginjal buatan dimana terjadi proses difusi, osmosis dan ultra filtrasi.


PERAWATAN HEMODIALISA
1.PERAWATAN SEBELUM HEMODIALISIS (PRA HD)
Persiapan mesin
Listrik
Air (sudah melalui pengolahan)
Saluran pembuangan
Dialisat (proportioning sistim, batch sistim)
Persiapan peralatan + obat-obatan
Dialyzer/ Ginjal buatan (GB)
AV Blood line
AV fistula/abocath
Infuse set
Spuit : 50 cc, 5 cc, dll ; insulin
Heparin inj
Xylocain (anestesi local)
NaCl 0,90 %
Kain kasa/ Gaas steril
Duk steril
Sarung tangan steril
Bak kecil steril
Mangkuk kecil steril
Klem
Plester
Desinfektan (alcohol + bethadine)
Gelas ukur (mat kan)
Timbangan BB
Formulir hemodialisis
Sirkulasi darah
Cuci tangan
Letakkan GB pada holder, dengan posisi merah diatas
Hubungkan ujung putih pada ABL dengan GB ujung merah
Hubungkan ujung putih VBL dengan GB ujung biru, ujung biru VBL dihubungkan dengan alat penampung/ mat-kan
Letakkan posisi GB terbalik, yaitu yang tanda merah dibawah, biru diatas
Gantungkan NaCl 0,9 % (2-3 kolf)
Pasang infus set pada kolf NaCl
Hubungkan ujung infus set dengan ujung merah ABL atau tempat khusus
Tutup semua klem yang ada pada slang ABL, VBL, (untuk hubungan tekanan arteri, tekanan vena, pemberian obat-obatan)
Buka klem ujung dari ABL, VBL dan infus set
Jalankan Qb dengan kecepatan kurang lebih 100 ml/m
Udara yang ada dalam GB harus hilang (sampai bebeas udara) dengan cara menekan-nekan VBL
Air trap/Bubble trap diisi 2/3-3/4 bagian
Setiap kolf NaCl sesudah/ hendak mengganti kolf baru Qb dimatikan
Setelah udara dalam GB habis, hubungkan ujung ABL dengan ujung VBL, klem tetap dilepas
Masukkan heparin dalam sirkulasi darah sebanyak 1500-2000 U
Ganti kolf NaCl dengan yang baru yang telah diberi heparin 500 U dan klem infus dibuka
Jalankan sirkulasi darah + soaking (melembabkan GB) selama 10-15 menit sebelu dihubungkan dengan sirkulasi sistemik (pasien)

CATATAN !!!!
PERSIAPAN SIRKULASI
Rinsing/Membilas GB + VBL + ABL
Priming/ mengisi GB + VBL + ABL
Soaking/ melembabkan GB.
Volume priming : darah yang berada dalam sirkulasi (ABL + GB + VBL )
Cara menghitung volume priming :
Σ NaCl yang dipakai membilas dikurangi jumlah NaCl yang ada didalam mat kan (gelas tampung/ ukur)
Contoh :
∑ NaCl yang dipakai membilas : 1000 cc
∑ NaCl yang ada didalam mat kan : 750 cc
Jadi volume priming : 1000 cc – 750 cc = 250 cc
Cara melembabkan (soaking) GB Yaitu dengan menghubungkan GB dengan sirkulasi dialisat
Bila mempergunakan dialyzer reuse / pemakaian GB ulang :
Buang formalin dari kompartemen darah dan kompartemen dialisat
Hubungkan dialyzer dengan selang dialisat Biarkan kurang lebih 15 menit pada posisi rinse
Test formalin dengan tablet clinitest :
Tampung cairan yang keluar dari dialyzer atau drain
Ambil cairan  10 tts (1/2 cc), masukkan ke dalam tabung gelas, masukkan 1 tablet clinitest ke dalam tabung gelas yang sudah berisi cairan
Lihat reaksi :
Warna biru : – / negatif
Warna hijau : + / positif
Warna kuning : + / positif
Warna coklat : +/ positif
Selanjutnya mengisi GB sesuai dengan cara mengisi GB baru
Persiapan pasien
1.Persiapan mental
2.Izin hemodialisis
3.Persiapan fisik :Timbang BB, Posisi, Observasi KU (ukur TTV)

2.PERAWATAN SELAMA HEMODIALISIS (INTRA HD)
Pasien
Sarana hubungan sirkulasi/ akses sirkulasi :
Dengan internal A-V shunt/ fistula cimino
Pasien sebelumnya dianjurkan cuci lengan & tangan
Teknik aseptic + antiseptic : bethadine + alcohol
Anestesi local (lidocain inj, procain inj)
Punksi vena (outlet). Dengan AV fistula no G.14 s/d G.16/ abocath, fiksasi, tutup dengan kasa steril
Berikan bolus heparin inj (dosis awal)
Punksi inlet (fistula), fiksasi, tutup dengan kassa steril

Dengan eksternal A-V shunt (Schibner)
Desinfektan
Klem kanula arteri & vena
Bolus heparin inj (dosis awal)
Tanpa 1 & 2 (femora dll)
Desinfektan
Anestesi local
Punksi outlet/ vena (salah satu vena yang besar, biasanya di lengan).
Bolus heparin inj (dosis awal)
Fiksasi, tutup kassa steril
Punksi inlet (vena/ arteri femoralis)
Raba arteri femoralis
Tekan arteri femoralis
Vena femoralis  0,5 – 1 cm ke arah medial
Anestesi lokal (infiltrasi anetesi)
Vena femoralis dipunksi setelah anestesi lokal 3-5 menit
Fiksasi
Tutup dengan kassa steril
Memulai hemodialisis
1.Ujung ABL line dihubungkan dengan punksi inlet
2.Ujung VBL line dihubungkan dengan punksi outlet
3.Semua klem dibuka, kecuali klem infus set
4.Jalankan pompa darah (blood pump) dengan Qb  100 ml/m, sampai sirkulasi darah terisi darah semua.
5.Pompa darah (blood pump stop, sambungkan ujung dari VBL dengan punksi outlet
6.Fiksasi ABL & VBL (sehingga pasien tidak sulit untuk bergerak)
7.cairan priming diampung di gelas ukur dan jumlahnya dicatat (cairan dikeluarkan sesuai kebutuhan).
8.Jalankan pompa darah dengan Qb = 100 ml/m, setelah 15 menit bisa dinaikkan sampai 300 ml/m (dilihat dari keadaan pasien)
9.Hubungkan selang-selang untuk monitor : venous pressure, arteri pressure, hidupkan air/ blood leak detector
10.Pompa heparin dijalankan (dosis heparin sesuai keperluan). Heparin dilarutkan dengan NaCl
11.Ukur TD, Nadi setiap 1 jam. Bila keadaan pasien tidak baik/ lemah lakukan mengukur TD, N, lebih sering.
12.Isi formulir HD antara lain : Nama, Umur, BB, TD, S, N, P, Tipe GB, Cairan priming yang masuk, makan/minum, keluhan selama HD, masalah selama HD.
CATATAN !!!!
1.Permulaan HD posisi dialyzer terbalik setelah dialyzer bebas udara posisi kembalikan ke posisi sebenarnya.
2.Pada waktu menghubungkan venous line dengan punksi outlet, udara harus diamankan lebih dulu
3.Semua sambungan dikencangkan
4.Tempat-tempat punksi harus harus sering dikontrol, untuk menghindari terjadi perdarahan dari tempat punksi.

Mesin
Memprogram mesin hemodialisis :
1.Qb : 200 – 300 ml/m
2.Qd : 300 – 500 ml/m
3.Temperatur : 36-400C
4.TMP. UFR
5.Heparinisasi
Tekanan (+) /venous pressure
Trans Membran Pressure / TMP Tekanan (-) / dialysate pressure
Tekanan (+) + tekanan (-)
Tekanan / pressure :
Arterial pressure / tekanan arteri : banyaknya darah yang keluar dari tubuh
Venous pressure / tekanan vena : lancar/ tidak darah yang masuk ke dalam.

Heparinisasi
Dosis heparin :
Dosis awal : 25 – 50 U/kg BB
Dosis selanjutnya (maintenance) = 500 – 1000 U/kg BB
Cara memberikan
Kontinus
Intermiten (biasa diberikan tiap 1 jam sampai 1 jam terakhir sebelum HD selesai)
Heparinisasi umum
Kontinus :
Dosis awal : ……. U
Dosis selanjutnya : …… U
Intermitten :
Dosis awal : …… U
Dosis selanjutnya : ……. U
Heparinisasi regional
Dosis awal : …… U
Dosis selanjutnya : ….. U
Protamin : …. U
Heparin : protamin = 100 U : 1 mg
Heparin & protamin dilarutkan dengan NaCl.
Heparin diberikan/ dipasang pada selang sebelum dializer.
Protamin diberikan/ dipasang pada selang sebelum masuk ke tubuh/ VBL.
Heparinisasi minimal
Syarat-syarat :
Dialyzer khusus (kalau ada).
Qb tinggi (250 – 300 ml/m)
Dosis heparin : 500 U (pada sirkulasi darah).
Bilas dengan NaCl setiap : ½ – 1 jam
Banyaknya NaCl yang masuk harus dihitung
Jumlahnya NaCl yang masuk harus dikeluarkan dari tubuh, bisa dimasukkan ke dalam program ultrafiltrasi
CATATAN
Dosis awal : diberikan pada waktu punksi : sirkulasi sistem
Dosis selanjutnya: diberikan dengan sirkulasi (maintenance) ekstra korporeal.

PENGAMATAN OBSERVASI, MONITOR SELAMA HEMODIALISA

1.PASIEN

KU pasien
TTV
Perdarahan
Tempat punksi inlet, outlet
Keluhan/ komplikasi hemodialisis

2.MESIN & PERALATAN
Qb
Qd
Temperature
Koduktiviti
Pressure/ tekanan : arterial, venous, dialysate, UFR
Air leak & Blood leak
Heparinisasi
Sirkulasi ekstra corporeal
Sambungan-sambungan

CATATAN :
Obat menaikkan TD ( tu. pend hipotensi berat) : Efedrin 1 ampul + 10 cc aquadest kmd disuntik 2 ml/IV

3.PERAWATAN SESUDAH HEMODIALISIS (POST HD)
Mengakhiri HD
-Persiapan alat :
-Kain kasa/ gaas steril
-Plester
-Verband gulung
-Alkohol/ bethadine
-Antibiotik powder (nebacetin/ cicatrin)
-Bantal pasir (1-1/2 keram) : pada punksi femoral

Cara bekerja
1.5 menit sebelum hemodialisis berakhir Qb diturunkan sekitar 100cc/m UFR = 0
2.Ukur TD, nadi
3.Blood pump stop
4.Ujung ABL diklem, jarum inlet dicabut , bekas punksi inlet ditekan dengan kassa steril yang diberi betadine.
5.Hubungkan ujung abl dengan infus set
6.Darah dimasukkan ke dalam tubuh dengan do dorong dengan nacl sambil qb dijalankan  100 ml/m (NaCl masuk :  50 – 100 cc)
7.Setelah darah masuk ke tubuh Blood pump stop, ujun VBL diklem.
8.Jarum outlet dicabut, bekas punksi inlet & outlet ditekan dengan kassa steril yang diberi bethadine
9.Bila perdarahan pada punksi sudah berhenti, bubuhi bekas punksi inlet & outlet dengan antibiotik powder, lalu tutup dengan kain kassa/band aid lalu pasang verband.
10.Ukur TTV : TD. N, S, P
11.Timbang BB (kalau memungkinkan)
12.Isi formulir hemodialisis
CATATAN :
1.Cairan pendorong/ pembilas (NaCl) sesuai dengan kebutuhan , kalau perlu di dorong dengan udara ( harus hati-hati)
2.Penekanan bekas punksi dengan 3 jari sekitar 10 menit
3.Bekas punksi femoral lebih lama, setelah perdarahan berhenti, ditekan kembali dengan bantal pasir
4.Bekas punksi arteri penekanan harus tepat, lebih lama
5.Memakai teknik aseptik dan antiseptik

SCRIBNER
1.Pakai sarung tangan
2.Sebelum ABL & VBL dilepas dari kanula maka kanula arteri & kanula vena harus diklem lebih dulu
3.kanula arteri & vena dibilas dengan NaCl yang diberi 2500 U – 300 U heparin inj
4.Kedua sisi kanula dihubungkan kembali dengan konektor
5.Lepas klem pada kedua kanula
6.Fiksasi
7.Pasang balutan dengan sedikit kanula bisa dilihat dari luar, untuk mengetahui ada bekuan atau tidak.


ASUHAN KEPERAWATAN PASIEN HEMODIALISIS

Pada pasien yang baru pertama kali hemodialisis, jika kondisi pasien memungkinkan, pasien diorientasikan pada ruangan paviliun II dan alat-alat yang ada. Selain itu pasien diberikan penjelasan ringkas tentang prosedur yang akan dijalankan, prinsip hemodialisis, diet, pembatasan cairan, perawatan cimino, hal-hal yang boleh dan tidak boleh dilakukan selama hemodialisis dan efek dari hemodialisis.
Pada pre hemodialisis, kegiatan perawatan meliputi : menghidupkan mesin, meyediakan alat-alat, memasang alat pada mesin, sirkulasi cairan NaCl pada mesin, mengawasi penimbangan berat badan pasien, mengukur suhu badan, mengukur tekanan darah dan menghitung denyut nadi.
Pada tahap pemasangan alat dan selama pemasangan, kegiatannya meliputi : desinfeksi daerah penusukan, pemberian anestesi lokal (kalau perlu), penusukan jarum, pemasukan heparin (bolus), selanjutnya menyambung jarum pada arteri blood line. Lalu menekan tombol BFR, membuka klem venous dan arteri blood line, memprogram penurunan berat badan, waktu pelaksanaan, venous pressure, kecepatan aliran heparin dan UFR. Kemudian menghubungkan heparin contnous ke sirkulasi, monitoring pernafasan, makan dan minum, pengaturan posisi tubuh, monitoring alat-alat dan kelancaran sirkulasi darah, mengukur tekanan darah dan menciptakan suasana ruangan untuk mengisi kegiatan pasien selama hemodialisis berlangsung.
Pada tahap penghentian hemodialisis meliputi : penghentian aliran darah, mencabut jarum inlet dan menekan bekas tusukan sambil menunggu sampai aliran darah pada venous blood line habis. Langkah selanjutnya adalah mencabut jarum out line dan menekan bekas tusukan, mengganti gaas bethadine dan fiksasi dengan plester. Setelah penghentian hemodialisis, dilakukan pengukuran tekanan darah, mengukur suhu, mengawasi penimbangan berat badan, membereskan alat-alat dan dilanjutkan dengan desinfeksi alat.
Semua kegiatan baik pada tahap pre hemodialisis selama pemasangan dan penghentian hemodialisis dilakukan oleh perawat kecuali penimbangan berat badan dan minum yang pada beberapa pasien dilakukan sendiri. Disamping itu beberapa pasien telah dapat melaporkan pada perawat apabila ada ketidakberesan pada mesin atau akses vaskular, setelah mencoba mengatasi sendiri.
Sistem pencatatan dan pelaporan yang dijalankan dalam bentuk lembaran observasi pasien yang berisi tentang : TTV sebelum atau selama dan sesudah HD, BB sebelum dan sesudah HD, dosis heparin, program penurunan BB , priming dan keluhan pasien setelah HD.
Pembuatan rencana perawatan pasien sudah berjalan dimana dalam pengkajian meliputi data fisik dan psikososial. Data psikososial yang dikaji sebatas pada adanya rasa cemas dan bosan. Intervensi keperawatan yang dilakukan mengarah kepada pemberian bantuan sepenuhnya. Hal ini dapat terlihat dari kegiatan :
a.Pada tahap persiapan
b.Pada tahap pelaksanaan
c.Pada tahap penghentian


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